The United Nations defines torture as: “Any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical ormental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third personinformation or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspectedof having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based ondiscrimination of any kind.”(United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel UNCAT article).The impactful effects of torture on migrant populationsare lasting and far-reaching. By exploring the physical,psychological, and social consequences of this atrociousact of torture, an urgent global issue is brought to light,especially highlighted in the Gaza-Palestine. With therising number of individuals seeking refuge in foreignlands, the vulnerability of migrants to various forms ofabuse, including torture, has become a vital concern.Thus, this article strives to raise awareness andunderstanding of the thoughtful impact of torture on thewell-being and integration of migrants withrehabilitation. The article discusses the physiological,psychological, and social toll the survivors have taken bybeing subjected to mental and physical torture. It’sextremely necessary to approach these survivors andtheir needs in a manner that takes into account theirexperience and suffering with care, understanding andempathy. A multidisciplinary community approach isessential in addressing their needs and providing themwith the support they require to join a welcoming societywith dignity and pride.
Key Words: Torture, Impacts, Migrants, Rehabilitation
1.Introduction: The article will first provide context and abrief history of the global migration crisis and highlightthe plight faced by millions of refugees who are forcedout of their homes and are in search of a better life that issafe and provides them with opportunities to rejoinsociety. The introduction also focuses on the abuse andtorture these migrants have to face at the hands of humantraffickers, authorities, or even fellow migrants. Theintroduction highlights the disturbing reality that mostpeople are ignorant without empathy. The most commonImpacts of Torture on migrants' Mental Health are;
a. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
b. Depression
c. Anxiety
d. Somatic Symptoms
A study was conducted in Switzerland which definesasylum seekers as those individuals waiting for theirclaims to be processed; refugees as those whose asylumclaims have been accepted and who have receivedpermanent residence; irregular immigrants as thosewithout legal status; labour migrants as those who arrivedfor work with pre-issued visas; and Swiss residents asindividuals without a migration background, i.e. at leastthird generation.
Rates of Reported Mental-Health Symptoms by Migrant Group and Resident Status in Switzerland.
2.Physical Consequence: The article aims to highlight thephysical ramifications and long-term consequences oftorture. These will be discussed with the help of medicalprofessionals and survivors' data with details of injuriessustained by migrants that often range from physicaltrauma to chronic health conditions. Impediments likeaccessing proper medical care and rehabilitation addanother layer of intricacy to the migration struggle ofrefugees.
Model of health effects of forced migration and refugee status
3.Psychological Toll: This section delves into one of themost troubling consequences of torture, which is thepsychological issues associated with torture, which varyfrom PTSD, anxiety disorder, depression, and a varietyof stress-related illnesses. These issues become a majorproblem during the rehabilitation process, especiallywhen mental health issues are still stigmatized in manysocieties with a flare of social taboos. This sectionhighlights the need for appropriate support and careprovided by mental health practitioners. In April 1982, F.Auodi and G. Cowgill., PhD conducted a research studyon 41 Latin American refugees who arrived in Canadabetween 1977 to 1979, and the findings are given belowin Tables I, II & III.
4.Impact of Torture on Migrants' Mental Health:Survivors of torture often experience a range of physicaland psychological consequences, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety,and somatic symptoms. These conditions cansignificantly impede their ability to integrate into hostsocieties by affecting their cognitive abilities, socialinteractions, and overall well-being.
Mechanism of Psychological Injury (Trauma) following human rights violations
Effect of Torture/Trauma on Child Health- A Syrian Study
5. Access to Healthcare Services: Migrants who haveexperienced torture may face barriers in accessinghealthcare services due to factors such as languagebarriers, lack of knowledge about available services, fearof persecution, and stigma associated with mental healthissues.Medical professionals play a crucial role in providingculturally sensitive care and support to survivors oftorture, helping them address their physical and mentalhealth needs.
Logic model of mental health screening along the resettlement pathway.
6. Social Integration Challenges: Survivors of torturemay encounter difficulties in social integration, includingchallenges in building social networks, securingemployment, and participating in communityactivities. The psychological trauma resulting fromtorture can affect their ability to trust others andengage in social interactions, leading to feelings ofisolation and alienation.
7. Role of Support Services: Organizations and supportservices specializing in assisting survivors of torture playa vital role in facilitating their integration into hostsocieties. These services often provide counselling, legalassistance, vocational training, and advocacy to helpsurvivors rebuild their lives and regain a sense of dignityand autonomy.
8. Access to Healthcare Services:
• Medical professionals play a crucial role inproviding culturally sensitive care and supportto survivors of torture by;
• Helping them address their physical and mentalhealth needs amiably and compassionately
a. Impediments
(1) Language barriers
(2) Lack of knowledge about availableservices
(3.) Fear of persecution
(4) Stigma associated with mental healthissues
9. Social Integration Challenges:a.Survivors of torture may encounter difficulties insocial integration;
1) Language Barrier
2) Challenges in building social networks.
3) Securing employment
4) Participating in community activities
5) The effect of trauma affects their ability to trustothers and engage in social interactions,leading to feelings of isolation and alienation.
10. Role of Agencies (Govt., NGOs) in Rehabilitationof immigrants and those in need, like the survivorsof torture and the Policy Implications:
Addressing the needs of torture survivors requires amulti-faceted approach that involves policymakers,healthcare providers, social workers, and communityorganizations. Policies should focus on promoting accessto specialized healthcare services, enhancing culturalcompetency among healthcare professionals, andcreating inclusive social policies that support theintegration of migrants, including survivors of torture.Organizations and support services specializing inassisting survivors of torture play a vital role infacilitating their integration into host societies.
These services often provide;
• Counselling
• Legal assistance
• Vocational training
• Advocacy to help survivors rebuild theirlives and regain a sense of dignity andautonomy with matching pride.
Actors in the trauma network in Middle Hesse for refugee care, hosts bolded. All actors are interconnected andsupport each other according to need within the framework with their specific competencies (e.g.,supervision, legal advice, medical support and treatment, psychotherapy).
11. Human Rights Standpoint: It's essential torecognize that torture is a violation of human rights, andprinciples of justice, accountability, and respect forhuman dignity should guide efforts to support survivors.Upholding human rights standards is critical inaddressing the root causes of torture and preventing itsrecurrence in the future.
Social Integration and Stigma: The impact of torture onmigrants' ability to integrate into host societies will beexplored viz literature & studies. It addresses the stigmaattached to survivors of torture, both within migrantcommunities and among the local population. The articleexamines the social barriers to communal integration andsocial taboos, including discrimination, mistrust, and thefear of disclosing past traumas.
12. Way ForwardPolicy Implications: Addressing the needs of torturesurvivors requires a multi-faceted approach that involvespolicymakers, healthcare providers, social workers, andcommunity organizations. Policies should focus onpromoting access to specialized healthcare services,enhancing cultural competency among healthcareprofessionals, and creating inclusive social policies thatsupport the integration of migrants, including survivorsof torture.
Human Rights Perspective: It's essential to recognizethat torture is a violation of human rights, and principlesof justice, accountability, and respect for human dignityshould guide efforts to support survivors. Upholdinghuman rights standards is critical in addressing the rootcauses of torture and preventing its recurrence in thefuture.
13. Recommendations: a.Let us call “spade aspade” and denounce torture regardless ofethnicity, creed, religion or colourb. We need to empower our world bodies so thatthe plight of the victims is heard and addressedtoo, in a befitting manner
a) We should work together in harmony with eachother and promote global peace.
b) It's essential to recognize that torture is aviolation of human rights by global actions.
c) Concerted efforts be made to support survivorsand should be guided by principles of justice,accountability, and respect for human dignity.d) Upholding human rights standards is critical inaddressing the root causes of torture andpreventing its recurrence in the future.
14. Conclusion: The article concludes by promotinginclusive measures to address the devastating effects oftorture on migrants. It emphasizes the need forinternational cooperation, increased awareness, and thedevelopment of trauma-informed policies to support survivors. The role of organizations which help in therehabilitation of migrants with known devastatingimpacts of torture must be highlighted. By shedding lighton the multifaceted consequences of torture, it isrecommended to seek the attention of the world bodiesand social organizations to initiate prompt actions and,through awareness, generate empathy toward the mostvulnerable members of the global community—thosewho have endured the unimaginable consequences intheir pursuit of a better life as a migrant, especially itsneed has significantly raised in the conflicts in GazaPalestine and other global issues, affecting the lives ofrefugees seeking refuge in new international destinationsa way away from their native localities and loved ones.
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